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good afternoon everybody once again my

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name is a Bradley burka and I'm from

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Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and

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i'll be talking about RNA synthesis at

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hydrothermal vents so we've gotten away

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from the geology someone and we're

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talking about RNA synthesis and more geo

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chemistry biochemistry related stuff I'd

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like to point out one awesome thing

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about this research that's going on is

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this research came directly out of a

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collaboration that started from AB grad

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con last year with Laurie barge at JPL

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so she flew out to my laboratory for two

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weeks we set up all these experiments as

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a preliminary start to this project so

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yay AB grad con so once again I'll give

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you a brief overview of the RNA world

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just help set the stage for what I'm

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going to be talking about here so the

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premise of the RNA world starts with

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essentially a sea of nucleotides you can

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take it back a bit further and talk

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about how you create nucleotides and all

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of that jazz but for the purpose of this

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we're going to assume that nucleotides

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have been formed in some manner so one

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of the tricks becomes trying to get

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these nucleotides into these long

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strands of RNA so you need some sort of

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catalytic chemical system to generate

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long strands of RNA the theory is once

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you start generating strands of RNA

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eventually some of these strands will

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have certain a base sequences that can

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fold into interesting manners and create

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ribozymes and some catalytic activities

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so eventually these strands can operate

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on each other to cause replication and

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so you have a system of replication and

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biochemistry using RNA as the main

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biochemical the constituent of the

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system that eventually sequences get

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sampled that create DNA and proteins out

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of the system in which they eventually

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start to supplant RNA as they're better

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at containing information or better at

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doing the biochemistry and they supplant

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RNA and we have modern organisms and

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modern

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as we know it with the DNA and the

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protein system with RNA that helps out

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every once in a while to do the rest of

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this stuff and so this is how you get

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from a world based solely on RNA to

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modern organisms and the main focus of

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my research is looking at the step one

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as I have depicted here trying to get

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these nucleotides somehow to come

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together to overcome their energy

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barriers to create these long chains of

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RNA so what I've been looking at is

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these hydrothermal systems as possible

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sort of chemical incubators for creating

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these RNA molecules and so the

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hydrothermal systems I'm looking at our

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little bit different than a lot of

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people have been talking about in the

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last couple days as they aren't magma

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driven they don't have the extremely hot

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multi hundreds of degrees Celsius water

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that's coming out of them they're just

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nice warm to semi hot water systems that

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form at the bottom of the ocean or

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possibly at the bottom of Europa as long

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as you have some water system and some

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mineral system you can possibly get this

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sort of formation forming and so the

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main energy source for these serpent

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ization chimneys is from the serpent

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ization reaction which you take olivine

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which is a very ubiquitous mineral found

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in the Earth's crust you react it with

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basically water and you create

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serpentine some high-energy chemical

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molecules and a lot of energy and so

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this chemical reaction generates heat

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energy and high-energy compounds to do

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interesting biochemistry with if you mix

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things in there like carbon dioxide or

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sulfur you can create magnetite if you

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had some a silicon you can create a

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silicate and you can create a hydrogen

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sulphur things like this so you can get

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some nice high-energy chemical compounds

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just from chemistry yay chemistry and so

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these serpent ization chimneys are

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located off center from the ridge

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volcanoes where you see

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the nice black smokers and all the

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really warm sites these take place

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between 40 degrees and 90 degrees

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Celsius which is good because if you get

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too hot you start to worry about the

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problems of degrading the RNA that you

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could possibly be forming the pH from

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the chemical reactions actually make

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this alkaline so on a primordial earth

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you would have the alkaline vents out

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get or out pouring into an acidic ocean

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from the carbon dioxide that's dissolved

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in it in the modern-day oceans these for

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these calcium carbonate this giant white

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chimneys which these would not have been

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present in a prebiotic earth because the

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pH of the oceans is thought to have been

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much lower than it is today and an

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interesting note for astrobiology is a

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lot of some modern life forms can

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survive at these completely independent

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of energy from the Sun so if you're

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looking at this from the early Archaean

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as a possible source of biochemistry it

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provides enough high-energy compounds to

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be able to have living systems and so if

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you are able to synthesize life at these

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vents it could be completely

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self-sustaining without having to worry

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about photon capture or UV light or any

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other outputs other than what is

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provided at these chimney sites and so

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this is the experimental setup as it

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we have a simple ocean setup that's rich

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in a ferrous iron as the talk before has

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shown that iron two would have been a

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very important constituent of the early

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Earth ocean a little bit salty we purged

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it of all of the oxygen in there and

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just create a nitrogen environment above

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it so we try to keep it an toxic and

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iron rich and from the bottom we inject

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some sodium sulfide sodium chloride the

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silicate and other reaction constitutes

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into it to create these nice little

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black chimneys that can form in there

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and so here's a nice time sequence that

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you can see if the chimney growth over

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the minutes of reaction so you can see

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it gets bigger and bigger

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and these structures are hollow

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structures that have a membranous a

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membrane on the outside that can

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actually support the transfer of

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molecules from the inside to the outside

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it's a pH gradient and it creates a

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energy an energy gradient that can drive

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reactions which the talk after mine is

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going to discuss in a lot more detail so

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keep in mind pH gradient energy gradient

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it's hollow with the membrane and stuff

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can pass through and so here's some

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environmental scanning electron

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microscopy images to show what it looks

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like up close and personal another

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interesting thing is these chimneys have

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been shown to be able to incorporate

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some very small organics into them and

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so in these e SEM images it's a some

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small peptides that have been directly

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incorporated into the walls that have

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formed and it changes the morphology

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that is seen with the iron sulfide

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surfaces and so the incorporation

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changes how they grow and it also

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provides possible sites that catalysis

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could happen on maybe some interesting

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protein interactions things like that

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this has also been shown with some yeast

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that's been taken from some RNA that has

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been extracted from yeast and this long

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sequence of RNA has been shown to be

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incorporated into the iron sulfide

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chimneys as well and this is a great

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close-up showing the inside of the

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chimney versus the outside and these

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little compartments that can actually

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trap some organic molecules and that you

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can get a lot of membranous transport

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through so this is a picture of the

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setup in our laboratory so under our

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typical reaction conditions we form

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instead of those gnarly looking calcite

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or car beta calcium-based chimneys we

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formed these nice iron sulphide mounds

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that are still hollow and still have the

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membranes on the outside if you really

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ramp up the concentrations you get these

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really cool looking gnarly structures

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that are pretty photogenic so they're

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nice to show but this is probably

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unrealistic for an early Earth but who

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knows it's hard to know exactly what the

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concentrations of all the chemicals were

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back in the day so what our project

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started to do over the couple of weeks

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was to incorporate some of these small

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molecules into the growing chimneys that

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we have notably amino acids and some of

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the base pairs to some small nucleotides

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as the amino acids might encourage

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interesting polymerization reactions

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that could happen so one of the things

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that we're focusing on is glycine

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because it would have been very

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ubiquitous and prolene as prolene itself

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has been shown to have some catalytic

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properties just freeform and solution

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most notably with a homo chiral

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formation of different sort of amino

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acids or RNA and also it's thought that

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by incorporating some of the nucleotides

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into the walls of the chimneys it might

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promote aggregation to the chimneys by

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providing nice pairing sites which could

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promote adenosine or guanosine for

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example to be drawn to the chimney and

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something that I'll point out that's

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very important to what our lab group

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does in this experiment in particular is

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we use this mineral catalyst and an

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activated nucleotide to drive a bunch of

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our reactions and so this is something

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else that we're going to incorporate

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into the that we have incorporated in

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the chimneys is our Montreal night clay

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which under some prebiotic reactions has

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been shown to encourage oligomerization

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and we use normal nucleotides and these

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emit is elated nucleotides which help to

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speed up the reaction and some reactions

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are ness some reactions don't get

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completed unless you have this

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admittedly they've activated nucleotide

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and so some of our initial results from

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this since a lot of her reaction showed

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nothing

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the very first time this has been

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attempted and so we've run a lot of

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tests to try to figure out what works

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and what doesn't so one of the things

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that we discovered worked at a very

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small degree was the chimneys that were

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formed with you and Pete incorporated

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into the side and so this is our mass

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spec data which is a good way to

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determine the composition of solutions

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based upon the mass of the molecules

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that are in there and this has shown

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that we created up to oligomers that are

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four units in length and so it shows

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that we get a small amount of

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oligomerization in this reaction with

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ump in the chimney and this one used the

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activated a MP that we had so the

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Middle's elated but it shows we got some

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degree of success from these chimney

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formations and so what are the

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subsequent experiments that we followed

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up was using the mop Marilla Mike clay

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as an ocean floor to actually have the

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iron sulfide or the the sulfide reaction

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come through the bottom to see if the

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combination of the the creation of the

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chimneys with the catalytic Clay had an

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effect upon it and what we saw was with

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impa we got the polymerization like we

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saw before so this one has no ump in it

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just the clay as the ocean floor but

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what's interesting we've never observed

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this in laboratory before is with a and

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P with the non-activated nucleotide we

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got a distinct dimer here which could be

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pyrophosphate it could be a small RNA

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molecule and it's arguable whether or

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not we have a three marin there but we

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haven't seen this dimer before and a

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very small amount of dreamer so it shows

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like this lemur ization ray actually

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could be successful and also i'll point

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out from this we are showing a strong

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iron aggregate effect in these reactions

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as we know iron is Durrant RNA from the

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previous talk and so we could see that

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in our reaction analysis as well it's

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the initial results show that clay and

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unp are incorporated into the growing

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chimneys that's from data that I had it

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presented but we have verified that it

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is actually incorporated into the

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structure and like I said we observed

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finer oligomers formation with UMP and

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with the catalytic clay with activated

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and not activated nucleotides and we've

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observed some initial iron clustering as

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well and once again I'd like to a

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knowledge Laurie barge for working with

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me on this in our very intensive project

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my group members and group at rpi that

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we work along with and of course the

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astrobiology institute for providing

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alright we have time for one quick

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question if anyone has anything those

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small peptides with like lysine and

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alanine were those forming on their own

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or they oh no those were preformed and

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just incorporated in as a test of

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concept to see if it was possible did

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you and you were putting in amino acids

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into your model and well you ever tried

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the same reaction that you're looking

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for did you ever try putting amino acids

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and seeing if they would maybe

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polymerize not oh I have not done that I

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think works been done than that I know

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that some of the hydrothermal systems

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I'm not sure if it's the hot ones or the

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cooler ones have been shown to promote

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some amino are some of the organic amino

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acid formations I'm not sure if that

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formed peptides or proteins but we did